Lack of Sleep Increases a Child’s Risk for Emotional Disorders Later

When asked how lack of sleep affects emotions, common responses are usually grumpy,
foggy and short-tempered. While many jokes are made about how sleep deprivation turns
the nicest of people into a Jekyll and Hyde, not getting enough shut-eye can lead
to far more serious consequences than irritability, difficulty concentrating and impatience.

Candice Alfano, a clinical psychologist and associate psychology professor at the
University of Houston, says children who experience inadequate or disrupted sleep
are more likely to develop depression and anxiety disorders later in life. Funded
by a grant from the NIH’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the study seeks
to determine the precise ways inadequate sleep in childhood produces elevated risk
for emotional disorders in later years.

“In particular, we are interested in understanding how children appraise, express,
regulate and later recall emotional experiences, both when sleep is adequate and when
it is inadequate,” said Alfano, who is the principal investigator of the study and
director of the Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH). “We focus on childhood,
because similar to problems with anxiety and depression, sleep habits and patterns
develop early in life and can be enduring.”

Alfano and co-investigator Cara Palmer, who is a postdoctoral fellow at SACH, are
identifying distinct emotional processes that, when disrupted by poor sleep, make
children vulnerable to developing anxiety and depression. To pinpoint these cognitive,
behavioral and physiological patterns of emotional risk, they are temporarily restricting
sleep in 50 pre-adolescent children between the ages of 7 to 11.

Their findings reveal that inadequate sleep impacts children’s emotional health not
only by creating more negative emotions, but also by altering positive emotional experiences.
For example, after just two nights of poor sleep, children derive less pleasure from
positive things, are less reactive to them and less likely to recall details about
these positive experiences later. When their normal nightly sleep habits are adequate
in duration, however, they’re finding these emotional effects are less apparent.

“Healthy sleep is critical for children’s psychological well-being,” Alfano said.
“Continually experiencing inadequate sleep can eventually lead to depression, anxiety
and other types of emotional problems. Parents, therefore, need to think about sleep
as an essential component of overall health in the same way they do nutrition, dental
hygiene and physical activity. If your child has problems waking up in the morning
or is sleepy during the day, then their nighttime sleep is probably inadequate. This
can result for several reasons, such as a bedtime that is too late, non-restful sleep
during the night or an inconsistent sleep schedule.”

Alfano says studying the link between sleep disruption and maladaptive emotional processing
in childhood is essential, because that’s when sleep and emotion regulatory systems
are developing. The increased need for sleep and greater brain plasticity during childhood
suggests this to be a critical window of opportunity for early intervention. The combined
societal costs of anxiety and depressive disorders are estimated to be more than $120
billion annually, underscoring the need for early identification of risk factors and
effective intervention methods.

A recent article appearing in the journal Sleep Medicine Reviews authored by Palmer
and Alfano reviewed the scientific literature on sleep and emotion regulation, partly
to inform the methods of their NIH study. Their article provides evidence that without
adequate sleep, people are less likely to seek out positive or rewarding experiences
if they require effort, such as social or leisure activities. Over time, they say,
these behavioral changes can elevate risk for depression and an overall poorer quality
of life.

“There are multiple emotional processes that seem to be disrupted by poor sleep,”
Alfano said. “For example, our ability to self-monitor, pick up on others’ nonverbal
cues and accurately identify others’ emotions diminishes when sleep is inadequate.
Combine this with less impulse control, a hallmark feature of the teenage years, and
sleep deprivation can create a ‘perfect storm’ for experiencing negative emotions
and consequences.”

SACH is a clinical research center in the UH Department of Psychology focused on helping
children, adolescents and adults manage and overcome their sleep and emotion-related
problems. In addition to research, the center offers low-cost clinical services for
families. They also are currently recruiting participants for a variety of studies,
including the aforementioned NIH-funded study about the effects of sleep loss on emotion
and a study funded by the U.S. Department of Defense examining the effect of military
deployment on children and families. Learn more at

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